Appendix B — References

Collins, Gary S., Karel G. M. Moons, P. Dhiman, Richard D. Riley, Andrew L. Beam, Ben Van Calster, Marzyeh Ghassemi, et al. 2024. “TRIPOD+AI Statement: Updated Guidance for Reporting Clinical Prediction Models That Use Regression or Machine Learning Methods.” BMJ 385: e078378.

Harrell, Frank E. 2015. Regression Modeling Strategies: With Applications to Linear Models, Logistic and Ordinal Regression, and Survival Analysis. 2nd ed. Springer.

HL7 International. 2019. FHIR Release 4: Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources Specification. HL7 International.

———. 2023a. FHIR Condition Resource. HL7 International.

———. 2023b. FHIR Encounter Resource. HL7 International.

———. 2023c. FHIR MedicationRequest Resource. HL7 International.

———. 2023d. FHIR Observation Resource. HL7 International.

———. 2023e. FHIR Patient Resource. HL7 International.

———. 2023f. FHIR Procedure Resource. HL7 International.

———. 2023g. FHIR Release 5: Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources Specification. HL7 International.

Hripcsak, George, Jon D. Duke, Nigam H. Shah, Christian G. Reich, Vojtech Huser, Martijn J. Schuemie, Marc A. Suchard, et al. 2015. “Observational Health Data Sciences and Informatics (OHDSI): Opportunities for Observational Researchers.” Studies in Health Technology and Informatics 216: 574–78.

Institute of Medicine. 2013. Best Care at Lower Cost: The Path to Continuously Learning Health Care in America. National Academies Press.

Kahn, Michael G., Tiffany J. Callahan, Juliana Barnard, Alan E. Bauck, Jeff Brown, Bruce N. Davidson, Hossein Estiri, et al. 2016. “A Harmonized Data Quality Assessment Terminology and Framework for the Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record Data.” eGEMs 4 (1): 1244.

Liu, Xiaoxuan, Samantha C. Rivera, David Moher, Melanie J. Calvert, and Alastair K. Denniston. 2020. “Reporting Guidelines for Clinical Trial Reports for Interventions Involving Artificial Intelligence: The CONSORT-AI Extension.” Nature Medicine 26: 1364–74.

McKinney, Wes. 2022. Python for Data Analysis. 3rd ed. O’Reilly Media.

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Clinical Data as the Basic Staple of Health Learning: Creating and Protecting a Public Good. National Academies Press.

Peng, Roger D. 2011. “Reproducible Research in Computational Science.” Science 334 (6060): 1226–27.

Rivera, Samantha C., Xiaoxuan Liu, An-Wen Chan, Alastair K. Denniston, and Melanie J. Calvert. 2020. “Guidelines for Clinical Trial Protocols for Interventions Involving Artificial Intelligence: The SPIRIT-AI Extension.” Nature Medicine 26: 1351–63.

Sandve, Geir Kjetil, Anton Nekrutenko, James Taylor, and Eivind Hovig. 2013. “Ten Simple Rules for Reproducible Computational Research.” PLOS Computational Biology 9 (10): e1003285.

Steyerberg, Ewout W. 2019. Clinical Prediction Models: A Practical Approach to Development, Validation, and Updating. 2nd ed. Springer.

Van Calster, Ben, David J. McLernon, Maarten van Smeden, Laure Wynants, and Ewout W. Steyerberg. 2019. “Calibration: The Achilles Heel of Predictive Analytics.” BMC Medicine 17: 230.

Vickers, Andrew J., and Elena B. Elkin. 2006. “Decision Curve Analysis: A Novel Method for Evaluating Prediction Models.” Medical Decision Making 26 (6): 565–74.

Weiskopf, Nicole G., and Chunhua Weng. 2013. “Methods and Dimensions of Electronic Health Record Data Quality Assessment: Enabling Reuse for Clinical Research.” Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 20 (1): 144–51.

Wickham, Hadley, Mine Çetinkaya-Rundel, and Garrett Grolemund. 2023. R for Data Science. 2nd ed. O’Reilly Media.

Wilson, Greg, Jennifer Bryan, Karen Cranston, Justin Kitzes, Lex Nederbragt, and Tracy K. Teal. 2017. “Good Enough Practices in Scientific Computing.” PLOS Computational Biology 13 (6): e1005510.

World Health Organization. 2021. “Ethics and Governance of Artificial Intelligence for Health: WHO Guidance.” World Health Organization.

———. 2025. “Ethics and Governance of Artificial Intelligence for Health: Guidance on Large Multi-Modal Models.” World Health Organization.

World Medical Association. 2013. “World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects.” JAMA 310 (20): 2191–94.